SUMMARY The aim of the present study was to analyze the status of the American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL) in the state of Rio de Janeiro, from 2004 to 2013, through its spatiotemporal distribution. We also described variables considered relevant to the epidemiology of the disease, such as the clinical form, gender, ethnic group, age group, and progression of disease. This is a descriptive study, which used notified secondary data from the Brazilian Information System of Notifiable Diseases (SINAN), Ministry of Health, Brazil, regarding confirmed diagnoses. To help the calculation of coefficients of detection and mortality, we used population data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). We analyzed 1,470 cases of ATL with the predominance of the cutaneous clinical form (1,292/87.89%). The data has also revealed seven deaths, a predominance of males (922/62.72%), and a higher incidence of ATL in the white ethnic group (731/49.72%). We observed a high incidence of ATL in the group of 20 - 39 years old (477/32.44%). We concluded that there was a decrease in the number of ATL cases in the state of Rio de Janeiro, based on a coefficient of detection of 1.44/100.000 inhabitants in 2004 decreasing to 0.20/100.000 inhabitants in 2013. The localities with the highest occurrences of ATL were the metropolitan region (843 cases) and the municipality of Rio de Janeiro (740 cases). In 2005, the highest incidence of the disease was observed (351 cases) in the study. Among the variables selected to describe the epidemiology of the disease, the following categories: cutaneous clinical form, male patients, white ethnic group, and the age group of 20 - 39 years old were more affected than the others.

ABSTRACTThis study aims to elucidate the bionomy of Peckia(Sarcodexia) lambens and Oxysarcodexia amorosa to provide data for medical, veterinary and forensic entomology analyses. We analyzed larval stage duration (L1–L3), weight of the mature larvae (L3), pupal stage duration, L1–adult duration, adult emergence and viability of larvae and adults of both species. Larval viability of P. (S.) lambens was 82% and the mean duration of the larval stage was 3.51 ± 0.99 days. The mature larvae had a mean weight of 33.67 ± 7.13 mg. The mean duration of the pupal stage was 8.26 ± 0.93 days and the mean duration of the L1–adult was 11.53 ± 1.22 days. Mean lifespan for females and males was 39.33 ± 1.52 and 57.33 ± 4.72 days, respectively. Larval viability of O. amorosa was 76% and mean duration of larval stage was 3.51 ± 0.64 days. Mature larvae had a mean weight of 28.28 ± 3.38 mg. Mean duration of the pupal stage was 10.14 ± 0.63 days and mean duration of the L1–adult was 13.60 ± 0.69 days. Mean lifespan for females and males was 83.66 ± 15.94 and 84.00 ± 19.97 days, respectively. Oxysarcodexia amorosa showed a L1–adult stage longer than P. (S.) lambens; however both species showed low viability. O. amorosa laid more larvae than P. (S.) lambens, this fact may occur because O. amorosa had longer life duration.

Brazilian studies involving entomological succession patterns in carcasses have been used to describe the necrophagous entomofauna of a determined municipality or region with forensic objectives. Following the same objectives, an ecological study with 10 calyptrate dipterans was carried out during the winter of 2007 and the summer of 2008 in the metropolitan region of the municipality of Rio de Janeiro. The aim of this study was to describe several aspects of the phenology of these species in three neighbouring areas. Carcasses of three domestic pigs (Sus scrofa L.) were used in each season as models for forensic and legal medicine investigations in the region. Temperature, relative humidity and rainfall were measured daily and their relations with population abundance of the colonising species and the decomposition stages were analysed. Ten fly species were recorded to be colonising the carcasses, five of which belonged to the Calliphoridae family, three to the Muscidae, one to the Fanniidae and one to the Sarcophagidae family. Data show preferences of these species for climatic season and decomposition stage, as well as for the studied area and suggest that short distances can significantly influence the abundance of some species.

Para ser considerado prebiótico, um microrganismo deve atender a uma série de requisitos, sendo a manutenção da viabilidade, um dos principais. Culturas probióticas de Lactobacillus spp. e Bifidobacterium spp. foram cultivadas em leite em pó desnatado reconstituído 12% adicionado de 3% (p/v) de mel pasteurizado. Foram preparados controles sem mel. Todos os cultivos mantiveram-se viáveis por 46 dias a 7 °C atendendo o número mínimo exigido pela legislação. O maior número de células viáveis de L. casei-01 e L. casei Shirota (>9,0 log10 UFC.mL-1) foi observado nos cultivos contendo mel. A acidez titulável produzida por estas culturas foi de 1,44%. O número de células viáveis de L. acidophilus Sacco® aos 46 dias em cultivos com mel foi significativamente maior (p < 0,05) que nos controles. Considerando todo o período de estocagem, o mel exerceu efeito positivo significativo (p < 0,05) apenas para as culturas de Bifidobacterium. O menor crescimento e a menor acidificação no 46º dia foram observados nos cultivos de Bf. lactis Bb-12, sendo de 7,63 log10 UFC.mL-1 e 0,61% de acidez em presença de mel e 6,11 log10 UFC.mL-1 e 0,30% de acidez nos controles. Diferentemente, os cultivos de Bf. lactis Sacco® atingiram contagens de 9,11 log10 UFC.mL-1 e produziram 1,11% de acidez.

To be considered prebiotic, a microorganism must fulfill a series of requirements and the maintenance of viability is a major one. Probiotic cultures of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. were cultured in 12% (w/v) reconstituted nonfat dry milk containing 3% (w/v) of pasteurized honey. Controls without honey were prepared. All cultures remained viable for up 46 days at 7 °C conforming to the regulation requirement. The higher cell number of L. casei-01 and L. casei Shirota (>9.0 log10 CFU.mL-1) were maintained in the presence of honey. The titratable acidity produced by these cultures was of 1.44%. On the 46th day of storage, the number of L. acidophilus Sacco® viable cells in the presence of honey was significantly higher (p < 0.05) compared to the control. Considering the overall storage period, honey exerted significant positive effect (p < 0,05) only on Bifidobacterium cultures. The lowest growth and acidity on the 46th day was observed with Bf. Lactis Bb12, being 7,63 log10 CFU.g-1 and 0,61% of acidity in the presence of honey and 6.11 log CFU.mL-1 and 0,30% of acidity in the control. Differently, Bf. lactis Sacco® cultures reached counts of 9,11 log10 CFU.mL-1 and produced 1.11% acidity.

Esta pesquisa foi realizada em uma Ilha tropical do Sudeste brasileiro, onde se examinou a riqueza em espécies e sua abundância relativa de abelhas Apidae eussocias. A amostragem foi feita durante um ano, com pulçás entomológicos, utilizando-se método padrão de coleta em regiões de habitat secundário, cercado por floresta de mata Atlântica. Treze espécies de abelhas eussociais foram capturadas nas flores, mais de 80% do total de espécimes eram meliponíneos, apesar da presença de Apis mellifera, comumente dominante nos hábitats brasileiros. O forrageamento das espécies de abelhas apresentou-se asazonal, com forte influência de períodos muito úmidos. Na Ilha Grande, padrões de abundância e riqueza em espécies contrastam com estudos realizados em outras ilhas, que se caracterizam pela baixa ocorrência de meliponíneos.

This study examined species richness and relative abundance of eusocial Apidae in an insular region of rain-forest, southeastern Brazil. Sampling took place during one year, using an standardized method with entomological net, at sites of secondary growth habitats surrounded by Atlantic rain-forest. Thirteen species of eusocial Apidae were netted at flowers, over 80% of the captured individuals were meliponine species, although the presence of Apis mellifera, commonly dominant in Brazilian habitats. Foraging activity of these bee species were essentially non-seasonal, apparently affected by high humidity. The patterns in abundance and species richness observed in Ilha Grande differed with other studies conducted at tropical islands, which were characterized by the poverty of meliponine species.

Foram estudadas as alterações imunológicas em um grupo de seis bovinos infestados, experimentalmente, com 60 larvas de primeiro ínstar (L1) de Dermatobia hominis por animal, enquanto que outro grupo de seis animais foi utilizado como controle. Amostras de sangue tomadas, semanalmente, durante a infestação experimental, foram analisadas para se detectar anticorpos anti-L1, anti-L2 e anti-L3 de D. hominis, utilizando-se a técnica de ELISA, na qual utilizou microplacas contendo amostras de soro dos animais e preparações antigênicas de L1, L2 e L3. Observou-se nos animais infestados, o aparecimento de anticorpos anti-L1 desde o primeiro até o 21º dia pós-infestação (DPI) e após o 42º DPI, enquanto que os anticorpos anti-L2 foram detectados no 21º DPI, e no período do 35º ao 49º DPI, seguido de declínio até atingirem valores semelhantes aos animais controles. Não se detectaram níveis expressivos de anticorpos para antígenos de L3. Os níveis de anticorpos anti-L1 dos animais infestados revelaram absorbância (D.O.) alta, ou seja, acima de 1,500 a 492nm quando comparado ao valor médio de 0,096 obtido nos animais controles, o que também ocorreu com os níveis de anticorpos anti-L2 no 21º DPI, nos quais dois animais apresentaram valores de D.O. de 0,450 e 0,900 a 492nm, em relação ao valor discriminante (cut-off) estimado em 0,110 dos animais controles. Verificou-se um aumento dos níveis de anticorpos anti-L2 em quatro animais que também apresentaram resposta contra antígenos de L1. Os resultados obtidos com a técnica de ELISA, pressupondo-se uma prevalência de 50%, quando comparados com a técnica padrão de imunodifusão dupla, revelaram uma concordância de 98%. Discutiu-se ainda a associação entre infestação e presença de anticorpos específicos.

Six bovines were infested with 60 first instar larvae of Dermatobia hominis. The animals were bleed weekly, and their antibodies levels to D. hominis L1, L2 and L3 instars measured during the time, following the infestation course. The antisera were submitted to a titration against optimal dilutions of antigen coated wells of microplates, previously sensitized with L1, L2 and L3 preparations, respectively. The ELISA assay was used to test single dilutions of antisera, which results were comparatively analyzed with a control of not infested animals. Antibodies against L1 were detected between the first and 21st day post-infestation (DPI) and, from the 42nd DPI on. Anti-L2 antibodies, could be detected on the 21st DPI and from the 35th DPI until approximately the 49th DPI, when it was observed a decreasing of antibodies titration equivalent to the control group. No antibodies were detected against the L3 instar-antigens. Antibodies levels against L1 showed absorbance higher than 1.500 O.D. at 492nm in the ELISA assay, when compared to the 0.096 O.D. observed to the negative animals. High anti-L2 antibodies were also detected on the 21st DPI, where two animals showed O.D. of 0.450 and 0.900 at 492nm, with a cut-off estimated on 0.110 O.D. It was also demonstrated a rising of anti-L2 antibodies in the same four animals, which presented antibodies response against L1 instar. The obtained results, with an estimated prevalence of 50%, were comparatively evaluated, taking the double diffusion immunoassay precipitation test as a standard, and showed a concordance of 98%. The association between infestation and presence of specific antibodies was also discussed.